Users of waterpipe and smokeless tobacco may have a high probability of developing lung cancer.
This meta-analysis synthesized evidence from previously published studies that focused on the connection between the usage of smokeless tobacco and waterpipe smoking and the development of lung cancer. A total of 26 studies that examined over 6,000 lung cancer patients was included in this meta-analysis.
Researchers observed that users of smokeless tobacco and smokers of waterpipe faced increased risk of developing lung cancer. This study demonstrated that the use of smokeless tobacco and waterpipe may prime the cells of the lungs to become cancerous.